管理類聯(lián)考考研英語(yǔ)二長(zhǎng)難句分析（5）

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He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

evolution [?i?v??lu??n] n. 進(jìn)化;演變;發(fā)展

characterize [?k?r?kt?ra?z] v. 是……的特征;以……為典型

struggle [?str?ɡl] n. 斗爭(zhēng);奮斗;努力

v. 斗爭(zhēng);抗?fàn)?/p>

survival [s??va?vl] n. 生存;存活;幸存

eventually [??vent?u?li] adv. 最后;終于

【句子分析】

主句：He(主語(yǔ))argued(謂語(yǔ))that從句(賓語(yǔ))

That賓語(yǔ)從句：that(引導(dǎo)詞)human evolution(主語(yǔ))was characterized(謂語(yǔ))

省略引導(dǎo)詞的定語(yǔ)從句：(that)(賓語(yǔ))he(主語(yǔ))called(謂語(yǔ))the “survival of the fittest,”(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

Which定語(yǔ)從句：in which(狀語(yǔ))weaker races and societies(主語(yǔ))must eventually be replaced(謂語(yǔ))

【補(bǔ)充分析】

①by a struggle為that賓語(yǔ)從句中的方式狀語(yǔ);

②省略了that的定語(yǔ)從句和in which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞都是struggle;

③by stronger, more advanced races and societies為in which定語(yǔ)從句中的方式狀語(yǔ)。

【參考譯文】

他認(rèn)為，人類進(jìn)化的特征是他稱之為“適者生存”的斗爭(zhēng)。在這場(chǎng)斗爭(zhēng)中，較弱的種族和社會(huì)終究會(huì)被更強(qiáng)的、更高級(jí)的種族和社會(huì)所代替。

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

popularize [?p?pj?l?ra?z] v. 宣傳;宣揚(yáng);推廣

previously [?pri?vi?sli] adv. 先前;以前

infection [?n?fek?n] n. 傳染;感染;傳染病

arouse [??ra?z] v. 激起;引起;喚醒

controversy [?k?ntr?v??si] n. 爭(zhēng)論;辯論;論戰(zhàn)

【句子分析】

主句：He(主語(yǔ))helped(謂語(yǔ))popularize the idea(省略to的不定式充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ))

That同位語(yǔ)從句：that(引導(dǎo)詞)some diseases(主語(yǔ))were(系動(dòng)詞)actually infections(表語(yǔ))

Which定語(yǔ)從句：which(主語(yǔ))aroused(謂語(yǔ))much controversy(賓語(yǔ))

When時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when(引導(dǎo)詞)it(主語(yǔ))was first suggested(謂語(yǔ))

【補(bǔ)充分析】

①not previously thought to have a bacterial cause為some diseases的后置定語(yǔ);

②that同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明idea的具體內(nèi)容;

③which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句先行詞為the idea that some diseases...infections。

【參考譯文】

他幫助傳播這樣的思想：那些原先不被認(rèn)為是由細(xì)菌引起的疾病，實(shí)際上是傳染病。這個(gè)想法一經(jīng)提出就引發(fā)了許多爭(zhēng)議。

Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

publish [?p?bl??] v. 出版;發(fā)行;刊登;發(fā)表;發(fā)布

intelligent [?n?tel?d??nt] adj. 有才智的;悟性強(qiáng)的;聰明的

explain [?k?sple?n] v. 解釋;說(shuō)明;闡明

【句子分析】

主句：he(主語(yǔ))is publishing(謂語(yǔ))a paper(賓語(yǔ))

Which定語(yǔ)從句：which(主語(yǔ))not only suggests(謂語(yǔ)1)that從句(賓語(yǔ)1)but(連詞)explains(謂語(yǔ)2)the process(賓語(yǔ)2)

That賓語(yǔ)從句：that(引導(dǎo)詞)one group of humanity(主語(yǔ))is(系動(dòng)詞)more intelligent(表語(yǔ))

That定語(yǔ)從句：that(主語(yǔ))has brought this about(謂語(yǔ))

【補(bǔ)充分析】

①Together with another two scientists為主句的狀語(yǔ);

②which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾paper，其中，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)由not only...but...并列;

③which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中than the others為比較狀語(yǔ);

④that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾process。

【參考譯文】

他和另外兩位科學(xué)家即將聯(lián)合發(fā)表一篇論文，這篇文章不僅指出了人類某些族群要比其他族群聰明，而且解釋了這是怎么形成的。

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

privately [?pra?v?tli] adv. 私下地;(買(mǎi)賣)通過(guò)私人地

distaste [d?s?te?st] n. 不喜歡;反感;厭惡

slavery [?sle?v?ri] n. 奴隸身份;奴隸制

bedrock [?bedr?k] n. 牢固基礎(chǔ);基本事實(shí);基本原則;基巖

【句子分析】

主句：they(主語(yǔ))also understood(謂語(yǔ))that從句(賓語(yǔ))

While讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：While(引導(dǎo)詞)Washington and Jefferson(主語(yǔ))[privately] expressed(謂語(yǔ))distaste for slavery(賓語(yǔ))

That賓語(yǔ)從句：that(引導(dǎo)詞)it(主語(yǔ))was(系動(dòng)詞)part of the political and economic bedrock(表語(yǔ))

省略引導(dǎo)詞的定語(yǔ)從句：(that)(賓語(yǔ))they(主語(yǔ))helped to create(謂語(yǔ))

【補(bǔ)充分析】

①賓語(yǔ)從句中of the country作bedrock的后置定語(yǔ);

②省略that的定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為country。

【參考譯文】

盡管華盛頓和杰斐遜私下都表示憎惡奴隸制，但是他們也明白，奴隸制度是他們幫助創(chuàng)建的這個(gè)國(guó)家的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)根基的一部分。

Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

observe [?b?z??v] v. 看到;注意到;觀察到

bravery [?bre?v?ri] n. 勇敢;勇氣;無(wú)畏精神

Revolutionary [?rev??lu???n?ri] adj. 革命的;徹底變革的;巨變的

n. (支持)改革者;(尤指)革命者

opposition [??p??z??n] n. 反對(duì);反抗

grant [ɡrɑ?nt] v. 同意;準(zhǔn)予;允許

n. (政府、機(jī)構(gòu)的)撥款

will [w?l] n. 遺囑;意志;意愿

【句子分析】

主句：Washington(主語(yǔ))overcame(謂語(yǔ))the strong opposition(賓語(yǔ))

Who定語(yǔ)從句：who(主語(yǔ))had begun(謂語(yǔ))to believe that從句(賓語(yǔ))

That賓語(yǔ)從句：that(引導(dǎo)詞)all men(主語(yǔ))were created(謂語(yǔ))equal(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

【補(bǔ)充分析】

①after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War為定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);

②who定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞為Washington;

③of his relatives為后置定語(yǔ)修飾opposition;

④to grant his slaves their freedom in his will為主干部分的目的狀語(yǔ)。

【參考譯文】

華盛頓在親眼目睹了黑人士兵在獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的驍勇善戰(zhàn)后，開(kāi)始相信所有人生來(lái)是平等的，于是他不顧親人們的極力反對(duì)，立下遺囑讓其奴隸自由。

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