2012年考研英語一閱讀理解

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Come on — Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers — teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.

But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.

There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits — as well as negative ones — spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.

Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as __________.

[A] a supplement to the social cure                                   [B] a stimulus to group dynamics

[C] an obstacle to social progress                                     [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors

22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should _________.

[A] recruit professional advertisers                                   [B] learn from advertisers’ experience

[C] stay away from commercial advertisers                       [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements

23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to __________.

[A] adequately probe social and biological factors              [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure

[C] illustrate the functions of state funding                        [D] produce a long-lasting social effect

24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors __________.

[A] is harmful to our networks of friends                          [B] will mislead behavioral studies

[C] occurs without our realizing it                                    [D]can produce negative health habits

25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is __________.

[A] harmful     [B] desirable     [C] profound      [D] questionable

Text 2

A deal is a deal — except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.

Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.

The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to _________.

[A] condemning    [B] reaffirming     [C] dishonoring      [D] securing

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to __________.

[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators   [B] seek favor from the federal legislature

[C] acquire an extension of its business license   [D] get permission to purchase a power plant

28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ___________.

[A] managerial practices  [B] technical innovativeness  [C] financial goals  [D] business vision

29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ___________.

[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises                 [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations

[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues                      [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues

30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.

[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected           [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied

[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application           [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged 

Text 3

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ______.

[A] uncertainty and complexity                                        [B] misconception and deceptiveness

[C] logicality and objectivity                                           [D] systematicness and regularity

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _________.

[A] strict inspection     [B] shared efforts     [C] individual wisdom     [D] persistent innovation

33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it _________.

[A] has attracted the attention of the general public            [B] has been examined by the scientific community

[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers     [D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists

34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that _________.

[A] scientific claims will survive challenges                      [B] discoveries today inspire future research

[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified                       [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind

35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?

[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development          [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery

[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science                   [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science

Text 4

If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.

There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.

At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.

In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.

Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.

As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.

36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that _________.

[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members             

[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant

[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership   

[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists

37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?

[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.     

[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.

[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.

[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.

38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is _________.

[A] illegally secured    [B] indirectly augmented    [C] excessively increased    [D] fairly adjusted

39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions __________.

[A] often run against the current political system               [B] can change people’s political attitudes

[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms                    [D] are dominant in the government

40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of _________.

[A] disapproval    [B] appreciation     [C] tolerance     [D] indifference

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21.【答案】D

【解析】文章首段包含了兩方面的內(nèi)容，作者先簡(jiǎn)單介紹Peer pressure，再引出Tina Rosenberg在她的新書Join the Club中對(duì)于peer pressure的看法，這篇文章是以一篇書評(píng)的形式出現(xiàn)。而題目"根據(jù)第一段，同伴壓力的出現(xiàn)常常是…"問的僅僅是同伴壓力，并無涉及到Tina Rosenberg或者她的新書，因此答案則應(yīng)主要涉及文章對(duì)于peer pressure的介紹，而非Tina對(duì)于peer pressure的看法。首段第三句說"(同伴壓力)通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑藥，亂交"，故答案選D，說明同伴壓力出現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，這里的答案使用了同義替換的方式。

22.【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞"public-health advocates"可以定位到第三段最后一句話"Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure",即應(yīng)該向廣告商學(xué)習(xí)，這里主要是對(duì)于短語"take a page from"的理解，答案選B

23.【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題干"在作者看來，Rosenberg的書沒能…"，所選答案是要找出作者看來這本書的缺點(diǎn)是什么。文章第四段第一句話說"但是，在…方面，Rosenberg不太有說服力"，緊接著說"Join the Club中太多無關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)，而對(duì)于使同伴壓力能產(chǎn)生如此大作用的社會(huì)和生物因素并未做足夠的探究"，這句話充分說明了在作者心目中這本書的不足在哪兒，故答案選A

24.【答案】C

【解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第五段首句告訴我們peer groups確實(shí)會(huì)對(duì)行為產(chǎn)生很大的影響，第二句具體說明影響的內(nèi)容，即好的習(xí)慣和不好的習(xí)慣都會(huì)通過社會(huì)交際在朋友圈中傳遞，最后一句則對(duì)這種影響進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，"這是同伴壓力的細(xì)微表現(xiàn)，我們無意識(shí)地模仿日常所見到的行為"。而分析題干和選項(xiàng)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該題是對(duì)"imitation of behavior"進(jìn)行歸納，回到原文，找到"我們無意識(shí)地模仿日常所見到的行為"，答案即刻清晰，這里是對(duì)unconsciously一詞進(jìn)行了釋義，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

25.【答案】D

【解析】這道題考查作者對(duì)于peer pressure所能帶來的影響的態(tài)度，作者通過最后一段第一句話首先向我們表明他對(duì)"希賽網(wǎng)和其他人員是否能成功選擇同伴來引導(dǎo)他們的行為朝好的方向發(fā)展"的不肯定，接下來以教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的例子為說明，得出結(jié)論"The tactic never really works."(這個(gè)策略從來沒有真正起作用)。通過作者的這樣一番描述，可以看出，作者對(duì)于peer pressure是否能有效果是質(zhì)疑的，故答案選D。

Text 2

26.【答案】C

【解析】

reneging 的原形是renege，本議是"食言""否認(rèn)"之意，為反向意義詞。而四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中A 中的condemning 意為"譴責(zé)""處刑"B中的reaffirming 意為"重申""再肯定，再斷言"，C中的dishonoring的意為"拒付，不兌付"，在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing 意為"保證，使保險(xiǎn)"的含義。本文主要在說Entergy這個(gè)公司不兌現(xiàn)自己的諾言，所以應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。

27.【答案】D

【解析】

本題答案定位在文中第三段每二句話，As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale , the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. "as a condition of"可以理解為"為了"，D 項(xiàng)中的"purchase "一詞就是對(duì)文中"sale"的替換。

28.【答案】A

【解析】

題干："根據(jù)第四段Entergy公司似乎在它的????上存在著問題"，題目中已清晰把答案范圍確定在第四段，通過閱讀第四段我們可以看到Entergy公司出現(xiàn)了一系列的事故"a string of accidents",而后面的這句"raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management"就是本題的答案所在了。其中 "managerial" "management"仍是同一單詞的變形。

29.【答案】D

【解析】

首先從題干知道考查的是作者的觀點(diǎn)。 "佛蒙特州事件"和will test在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句話，"Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend"意思是"佛蒙特州事件將會(huì)檢驗(yàn)是這些權(quán)利延伸多遠(yuǎn)的先例"。這句話是legal scholars的觀點(diǎn)。重點(diǎn)是理解certainly和but后面的意思。雖然作者承認(rèn)擔(dān)憂如果每個(gè)周各行其是的后果是合理的，但是But后面是個(gè)虛擬語氣，與事實(shí)相反。所以作者的真正態(tài)度是支持legal scholars的觀點(diǎn)，即佛蒙特州事件是對(duì)州法規(guī)的權(quán)限的考驗(yàn)。How far those power extended與D選項(xiàng)的the limits of states' power與選項(xiàng)D"各州在核問題上的權(quán)限"是相匹配的，因此正確答案為D。其他選項(xiàng)與"佛蒙特州事件"帶來的檢驗(yàn)，文中并未直接提及。

30.【答案】A

【解析】

最后一段主要講的是"Entergy公司的名譽(yù)已嚴(yán)重受創(chuàng)。該公司向聯(lián)邦申請(qǐng)：許可Pilgrim核電站獲得另外20年的開放權(quán)。但是作者認(rèn)為，核管理委員會(huì)在審核該公司的申請(qǐng)的時(shí)候，務(wù)必要考慮下該公司的信譽(yù)問題。"A選項(xiàng)"Entergy公司在其它地方的生意將會(huì)受到影響"由最后一段的第一句話"Entergy公司的名譽(yù)已嚴(yán)重受創(chuàng)"就可以推斷出來;B"核管理委員會(huì)的權(quán)威將會(huì)被藐視"最后一段沒給出任何要藐視核管理委員會(huì)的暗含信息，因此B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;C "Entergy公司將會(huì)撤回關(guān)于Pilgrim核電站的申請(qǐng)"，最后一段同樣沒給出類似的暗含信息;D "Vermont的名聲將會(huì)受到破壞" 同樣，從最后一段，根本無法推斷出。因此，最佳答案是A。

Text 3

31.【答案】A

【解析】

這篇文章選自The Scientist,文章題目是The Evolution of Credibility。文章第一段第二句話提到"But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route."，即在每天的科學(xué)實(shí)踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)所遵循的規(guī)律是模棱兩可和復(fù)雜的。A項(xiàng)uncertainty and complexity 是對(duì)文中ambiguous and complicated的同義替換，所以為正確答案。

B項(xiàng)是利用文中最后一句話的干擾"Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound"，這句話是說"有誤解和自我欺騙的可能"，從而導(dǎo)致了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的模棱兩可和復(fù)雜性;C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)是受文章第一句話的干擾，但是第一句同時(shí)提出只有"在理想中(in the idealized version of ...)，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)才能夠很客觀。

32.【答案】B

【解析】

第二段第二句中提到"But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to...",其中it指的是將科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾可信度的過程。接下來的第四句話具體講到了這個(gè)過程："through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime."，即要經(jīng)歷從個(gè)人到集體的過程，需要每個(gè)人共同的努力，故答案為B。

33.【答案】B

【解析】

本段第三句話中提到"Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries"，即"研究者需要在科學(xué)團(tuán)體復(fù)雜的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)中實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)"，在這句話的后面有一個(gè)分號(hào)，分號(hào)后面的三個(gè)短句分別解釋了在科學(xué)團(tuán)體中不同身份的人所做的不同工作，如新聞編輯者和評(píng)論家需要控制科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)公開的過程,而另外一些科學(xué)家需要同過新的發(fā)現(xiàn)來證明已有的發(fā)現(xiàn)等。除此之外，最后一句話"transform an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery"即將個(gè)人的發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)換為集體可信的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，故答案為B，即科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得公眾的可信度需要集體的努力和驗(yàn)證。

答案A是利用本段首句設(shè)置的干擾，屬于主觀臆斷;答案C為干擾項(xiàng)目，以偏概全;答案D文中沒有提及。

34.【答案】D

【解析】

第四段主要講到了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得大眾可信度的過程中面臨的兩個(gè)矛盾。Albert Szent-Gyorygi的觀點(diǎn)主要針對(duì)第二個(gè)矛盾，即創(chuàng)新本身經(jīng)常會(huì)引起懷疑。同時(shí)他認(rèn)為科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)需要"seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought"，即看到每個(gè)人都已經(jīng)看到的，并想到別人沒有想到的。這句話暗示了科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程需要有評(píng)判性思維，即我們應(yīng)該去探求事物。故答案為D。

答案A與本段中講到的第一個(gè)矛盾有關(guān);答案B的過渡推斷來自本段最后一句話，這句話的意思是，真正有創(chuàng)新的發(fā)現(xiàn)需要時(shí)間的驗(yàn)證來得到公眾的認(rèn)可。答案C文中沒有提到，屬于主觀臆斷。

35.【答案】C

【解析】

此題考察對(duì)全文主旨大意的準(zhǔn)確歸納。從整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)來看，文章第一段指出任何發(fā)現(xiàn)最終的目標(biāo)是使之客觀化，然而此過程或多或少會(huì)受到不同的生活環(huán)境的影響;第二段指出這個(gè)過程需要公眾共同的努力;第三段具體論述了不同的人在這個(gè)過程中需要完成的工作;第四段則提出了使科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得可信度的過程中所遇到的兩個(gè)矛盾;最后一段用Annette Baier的一句話總結(jié)了這個(gè)過程。由此可知，C項(xiàng)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文，為正確答案。答案A項(xiàng)與原文不符;答案B 是第二段中提到的一部分;而答案D只是對(duì)第四段的概括。

Text 4

36.【答案】C

【解析】

根據(jù)題干定位于第一段When …were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. 意思是1960年時(shí)，美國(guó)政府部門只有1/10的人是工會(huì)成員，但是現(xiàn)在比例是36%。所以C選項(xiàng)正確：工會(huì)增加了政府部門成員。A選項(xiàng)：Teamster 仍然擁有很多成員。文中只提到了比例，并沒有講具體人數(shù);B：吉米過去是一個(gè)公仆。而文中第一句是一個(gè)虛擬語氣的句子，"如果他還活著的話，他今天可能代表一名公仆"，曲解文意;D：政府改善了與社團(tuán)的關(guān)系。文中并未提及。

37.【答案】D

【解析】

該題很容易根據(jù)題干定位于第二段。第二段中有很明顯的first, second, third這些詞，屬于典型的列舉處，最容易出細(xì)節(jié)題。只需要將各選項(xiàng)與這三點(diǎn)仔細(xì)比對(duì)即可。A 公共部門組織在采取行動(dòng)時(shí)很謹(jǐn)慎文中并示提及，是對(duì)"they now dominate left-of-centre politics"這句話設(shè)置的干擾項(xiàng)，"左派"為激進(jìn)派，不可能謹(jǐn)慎;而B錯(cuò)在教育不是需要的，而是公務(wù)員社團(tuán)成員受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;D選項(xiàng)為First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.這句話的同義改寫。意思是"他們可以息事寧人并不用遭受不好的后果"。

38.【答案】B

【解析】

該題很容易定位于文章的第四段。題干是"部門人員的工資狀況是"。做這道題要把第四段整體理解。注意But后面的內(nèi)容，尤其是keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous。大意是公共部門員工的工資漲幅很小，但是節(jié)假日福利津貼很多。B選項(xiàng)的indirectly augment意思是"間接地增加"。和原文意思"公有部門人員的收入是來源于福利等間接收入，而非正常的工資收入"符合。A 通過非法得來文中只提到了部門人員的工資比私人企業(yè)的要高，整段都未提及來源，故該選項(xiàng)屬于過度推理;C 過度地增長(zhǎng)文中并未提及增長(zhǎng)的幅度，提到只是通過"暗廂操作"的方式，容易使考生產(chǎn)生誤解;D 很公正地調(diào)整與"backloaded"不符。

39.【答案】C

40.【答案】A

【解析】

文中人物的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。該題定位于最后一段，第一句話指出John認(rèn)為西方公共服務(wù)中的文化準(zhǔn)則適用于想維持原狀的人們而對(duì)于有比較高成就的人們就不利了，很明顯持否定態(tài)度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人們的公共服務(wù)系統(tǒng)對(duì)于美國(guó)可能是一個(gè)更大的麻煩，也再次證實(shí)了作者的觀點(diǎn)是不支持的即A選項(xiàng)。disapproval"反對(duì)"，appreciation"欣賞"，tolerance"寬容"，indifference"冷漠"。